Metric Learning with Quantum Feature Spaces

The 2 N dimensions of Hilbert space give quantum metric learning exponentially many mutually orthogonal states with which to separate classes, but the same exponential dimension also degrades its optimization landscape and the tractability of evaluating its metric. By letting a classical network predict all gate parameters of a fixed ansatz, we isolate the reachable state manifold and its fidelity metric. We prove that this separability is already present on the unentangled manifold M unentangled = (CP 1) N, which saturates the 2 N maximal orthogonal capacity needed for classification, while entanglement adds states only at intermediate separations, which are costly to resolve under finite sampling. The same size carries costs. Global fidelity causes exponential gradient collapse across both unentangled (Θ(c-N)) and entangled (Θ(4-N)) manifolds; as fidelities concentrate, the fidelity signal-to-noise ratio at a fixed shot budget also decays exponentially in N; and because M unentangled already holds 2 N orthogonal states, expressive, unconstrained encoders under contrastive losses reach trivial minima by geometric shattering even without entanglement. We introduce Quantum Projective Metric Learning (QPMeL), an exact O(N) closed-form kernel on M unentangled that circumvents circuit simulation. QPMeL resolves gradient collapse via a curriculum annealing from a 1-local observable regime (restoring Θ(1/N 2) polynomial variance) to the global product kernel. Empirically, QPMeL as a complete design exceeds eight and matches two of 11 published quantum few-shot designs.