A New AI/ML Based Image Reconstruction Technique for Hard X-ray Coded Aperture Imagers

Here we demonstrate a new AI/ML based image reconstruction method for coded-aperture instruments that provides a pathway for embedded real-time use on-board spaceflight missions. Using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) for our initial simulated demonstration, we used our new technique to replace the standard Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based image reconstruction pipeline. In our alternative approach, we have created a neural network that maps detector counts directly to source positions using simulated responses from selected Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) observations. The network combines convolutional feature extraction with attention and is trained at around 900 source counts. Under zero background noise, it achieves over 93% exact-pixel localization accuracy with 400 detected source photons. The model maintains at least 90% exact-pixel localization accuracy with up to 8, 500 added background counts for sources with 900 detected photons. Within the evaluated region of BAT's field of view, these results show that source position can be recovered from sparse coded-aperture measurements in a wide-field instrument. A key feature of this technique is that explicit inclusion of the mask pattern is not required. This allows us to train the algorithm to "see" using data accumulated from an imaging system. These new non-traditional imaging techniques show substantial promise in enabling efficient imaging using non-planar geometries, which will enable new classes of hard X/ γ-ray imaging systems and simultaneously improve imaging capability for currently operating instruments.