Noise-shaped Sampling and Annealing for Scalable On-the-edge Training of Binary and Ternary AI Models

The training loss of binary and ternary neural networks, expanded as a multilinear polynomial over the discrete weights, is structurally equivalent to the energy of a hierarchical high-order Ising model. We exploit this equivalence to apply Ising solvers to discrete-weight network training, while accounting for a fundamental difference in objectives: an Ising solver seeks the ground state of a fixed energy function, whereas training seeks solutions that generalize to unseen data. Our key contribution is ΣΔ-Sampler, an optimizer that reconciles these objectives by embedding a stochastic sampling-and-annealing step as a noisy quantizer inside a first-order ΣΔ noise-shaping loop. The loop pushes noise from weight quantization, high-order frustration, and mini-batch sampling out of the low-frequency adaptation band, so that discrete weight updates follow the smooth descent trajectories embedded in the rugged loss landscape. We validate the framework on a planted quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) benchmark with a known minimizer; on CIFAR-10, where a 13 M-parameter ternary model comes within 1% of full-precision accuracy; on ImageNet-1k, where a ternary ResNet-18 comes within 0.4% Top-5 accuracy of a ternary baseline; on class-incremental continual learning, where prior-task accuracy is preserved; and on MatMul-free language models up to 2.7 B parameters, where it outperforms a straight-through-estimator baseline under matched continued pre-training. Compared with standard quantization-aware training, ΣΔ-Sampler reduces the training memory footprint by over 50%, delivers an order-of-magnitude speed-up, and reduces weight-update memory traffic by four orders of magnitude, making it attractive for on-device training and fine-tuning of large binary and ternary models.