Joint Line Intensity Recovery from Multi-Tracer Cross-Correlations

Line intensity mapping (LIM) provides a unique window into the high-redshift universe, but the separation of signals from overlapping emission lines and bright continuum foregrounds remains a central analysis challenge. At millimeter wavelengths in particular, [CII], [CI] and numerous CO transitions overlap with comparable brightness, leading to significant spectral confusion. This work presents a joint likelihood framework that incorporates multi-tracer cross-correlations both between distinct LIM tracers and with external galaxy surveys. By jointly fitting all auto- and cross-spectra between the LIM and galaxy data, this approach combines the spatial and spectral information in each dataset to break degeneracies between overlapping lines and recover individual bias-weighted line intensities at fixed cosmology, even at redshifts where no direct cross-correlation is available. We validate this framework on realistic mocks of an extended SPT-SLIM-like survey spanning 125-175 GHz over 100 deg squared, combined with an LSST Y1-like photometric galaxy catalog, and recover CO(2-1) through CO(6-5) and [CI](1-0) over 0.3 z 4 in the presence of bright continuum foregrounds. We demonstrate that adding the photometric galaxy data tightens line constraints by a factor of about 3-4 where the galaxies overlap the lines in redshift, and by about 20-50% at higher redshifts beyond the galaxy coverage, where the gain comes indirectly from constraining the low-redshift interlopers. These results highlight external tracer overlap as a primary consideration when optimizing the frequency coverage and footprint of near-future LIM experiments.