Cosmology with strong gravitational lenses

Three of the most pressing open questions in cosmology -- the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and the growing tension in the value of the Hubble constant H 0 -- call for cosmological probes that are independent of, and complementary to, traditional methods. Strong gravitational lensing offers exactly that: a purely gravitational probe of the universe's expansion history and matter distribution, sensitive to dark matter's presence regardless of whether it interacts with light. Time-delay lenses and multiplane lenses can measure H 0 and the dark energy equation of state directly, while the distortion of lensed images can reveal the abundance and internal structure of dark matter subhalos. After a brief theoretical and historical introduction, I review recent breakthroughs enabled by JWST and by advances in lens modeling and stellar dynamics. Examples include the recent measurement of H 0 with 3% precision in flat Λ cold dark matter cosmology, and a tentative detection of dark matter self-interaction. Strong lensing is entering a pivotal era: wide-field surveys with Euclid, Rubin, and Roman, and radio surveys with the Square Kilometer Array, are poised to increase the number of known strong lenses by orders of magnitude, positioning strong lensing to play a central role in answering these open questions in the decade ahead.