Substructure-enhanced Collisional Relaxation in Stellar Systems

Two-body collisional relaxation in stellar systems is conventionally estimated using the classical Chandrasekhar theory, in which a subject star is assumed to be embedded in a homogeneous medium of field stars and their velocity distribution taken to be isotropic and Gaussian. Real stellar systems, however, can exhibit pronounced spatial and kinematic substructures. We investigate how such substructures -- particularly the non-classical spatial inhomogeneity -- modify the two-body diffusion coefficient. We retain hyperbolic two-body encounters but generalize the encounter calculation by integrating explicitly over the spatial distribution n(r), while evaluating the velocity contribution from the full distribution f v(v). This yields a separable tensor expression for the diffusion coefficient. We find that spatial substructure produces the dominant enhancement. The enhancement of the diffusion coefficient increases systematically as the effective fractal dimension D frac decreases, ζ r(D frac) about (1-D frac/3) q with q about 4.28. For the observationally motivated case with D frac about 1.5, the enhancement is moderate, whereas substantially lower fractal dimensions produce much larger enhancements. In contrast, the anisotropic, power-law-tailed, and fractal-like velocity distributions modify the diffusion coefficient only by factors of order unity. Our representative substructured model yields enhancement ratios ζ r 3.45 and ζ v 1.33 when the measured particle-number trends are extrapolated to N=10 11, corresponding to an overall enhancement of ζ 4.6. Therefore, within the two-body encounter framework and the commonly used separable distribution functions, the enhanced collisional relaxation still has little impact on the mean-field nature of typical galactic systems.