Specialized Decision Models vs. General-Purpose LLMs: Benchmarking Jev Across Knowledge, Reasoning, and Multilingual Tasks

arXiv:2610.11978 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-10-08 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-10-08

Updated: 2026-10-08

Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures, 7 tables

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Benchmark — 48× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 9× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmarking — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Chain-of-Thought Prompting — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• LLM judge — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Thinking mode — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• AI Agents — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Instruction Retrieval at Inference Time for Small Language Models
• Fine-Tuned 'Small' LLMs (Still) Significantly Outperform Zero-Shot Generative AI Models in Text Classification
• FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performance
• Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge
• DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report
• DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
• Jev for Scientific Decisions: Evaluating Semantic Choices and Their Consequences
• Evaluating and Benchmarking the System One Model Jev
• Evaluating Decision Models for Text Annotation in Computational Social Science
• JEV-as-a-Judge: Accept When Confident, Escalate When Unsure
• Every FLOP Counts: Scaling a 300B Mixture-of-Experts LING LLM without Premium GPUs
• Jev in Medicine: A Benchmark Evaluation
• RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data
• Qwen3-VL Technical Report
• GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark
• Type-Safe Is Not Error-Free: Typed Decision Models Follow the Option Name, Not the Definition Bound to It
• JEV as a Judge for Agent Trace Security: An Empirical Comparison with Generative LLM Judges
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• Same Scores, Different Decisions: Evaluating JEV and Language Models for Legal Document Understanding

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