Evaluating LLM-as-a-Judge Beyond Score Alignment: A Psychometric Analysis of Residual Judging Difficulty

arXiv:2610.02877 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-10-02 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-10-02

Updated: 2026-10-02

Code: https://github.com/tatsu-lab/alpaca_eval

Terminology

• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• LLM-as-a-Judge — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes

Sources

• Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone
• Phi-4 Technical Report
• Evaluating Factual Consistency of Summaries with Large Language Models
• Diagnosing the Reliability of LLM-as-a-Judge via Item Response Theory
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judge
• Comparing Human and AI Rater Effects Using the Many-Facet Rasch Model
• Ministral 3
• Gemma 3 Technical Report
• Large Language Model Psychometrics: A Systematic Review of Evaluation, Validation, and Enhancement

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