Lost in Translation: Measuring the Effect of Non-Native English on End User Performance of Large Language Models

arXiv:2609.36214 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-28 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-28

Updated: 2026-09-28

Comments: 19 pages, 8 figures

Code: https://github.com/languagetool-org/languagetool

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Accuracy — 6× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Generative AI — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• In-Context Learning — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• LLM-as-a-Judge — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Transformer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Cosine Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Distillation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• KV cache — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Knowledge Distillation — 1× in this paper · explained in 11 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Semantic Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation
• DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash: Pushing the Limits of KV Cache Compression
• Mind Your Tone: Investigating How Prompt Politeness Affects LLM Accuracy (short paper)
• Does Prompt Formatting Have Any Impact on LLM Performance?
• Real or Robotic? Assessing Whether LLMs Accurately Simulate Qualities of Human Responses in Dialogue
• AI-Assisted Writing Is Growing Fastest Among Non-English-Speaking and Less Established Scientists
• Effects of Prompt Length on Domain-specific Tasks for Large Language Models
• Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers
• Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting
• WildChat: 1M ChatGPT Interaction Logs in the Wild

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