Can Multimodal Large Language Models Generate and Detect Multimodal Social Media Fake News?

arXiv:2609.35809 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-20 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-20

Updated: 2026-09-20

Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in the Findings of EMNLP 2026

Code: https://github.com/xiuzhenzhang/Multimodal

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

The gist: The rapid advancement of generative AI raises concerns about the misuse of Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) for large-scale disinformation campaigns on social media.

Terminology

Abstract

The rapid advancement of generative AI raises concerns about the misuse of Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) for large-scale disinformation campaigns on social media. Despite existing research on textual disinformation, a fundamental question remains unanswered: can MLLMs be exploited to fabricate realistic multimodal fake news, and can they reliably detect it? We introduce a multi-agent framework in which a story agent, an image agent, and a critic agent collaborate to produce fake social media posts that plausibly counter true news. We apply the framework to generate over 9,000 paired multimodal news posts across science, health, and entertainment domains, and benchmark 16 open- and closed-source MLLMs for automated detection. We find that most models fall substantially short of human-level accuracy and fail critically on identifying image authenticity. Our research provides a foundation for developing robust defenses against social media fake news. Code and data are available at https: //github.com/xiuzhenzhang/Multimodal.

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