Language, Language Models, and What We're Talking About

arXiv:2609.03577 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-03 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-03

Updated: 2026-09-03

Comments: In Proceedings of the Twelfth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2026)

Code: https://github.com/nlp-uoregon/mlmm-evaluation

Project page: https://malvinanissim.github.io

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The gist: Language models are commonly discussed as technical artefacts, but they are obviously shaped by the linguistic worlds conveyed by data during their training.

Terminology

Abstract

Language models are commonly discussed as technical artefacts, but they are obviously shaped by the linguistic worlds conveyed by data during their training. Using Italian language models as evidence, I want to bring attention to the nature of the systems which result from training and specialising models on translated and synthetic data, and further curating them, and to the meaning of testing them on equally unnatural data. Are these eventually models of Italian? Are they models of language? Does NLP still care about language? These questions yield another, more concrete question: what language do we actually want language models to produce? I argue that this question cannot be answered if we do not first consider a clearer distinction between language models designed as technical products and language models designed as tools for studying language itself. The answers then might be diverse, the languages we are talking about might be diverse, and the picture might not be as pessimistic as we fear.

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