What Limits Robustness in Deep Image Watermarking: An Analysis of Mechanisms and Their Scaling Across Capacities

arXiv:2609.01050 · cs.CR · Submitted 2026-09-01 · Read on arXiv

cs.CR

Submitted: 2026-09-01

Updated: 2026-09-01

Comments: Submitted to IEEE Access

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Robustness — 66× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Decoupling — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalization — 7× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 6× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Provenance — 6× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Latent Space — 4× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Accuracy — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Diffusion Model — 3× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Fidelity — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Military University of Technology — 3× in this paper
• Adaptation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition — 2× in this paper
• Core — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adversarial Training — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• CVF International Conference on Computer Vision — 1× in this paper
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Decode — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Latent Representation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding — 1× in this paper
• Quantization — 1× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Representation Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarks
• We Can Hide More Bits: The Unused Watermarking Capacity in Theory and in Practice
• Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robust
• RingID: Rethinking Tree-Ring Watermarking for Enhanced Multi-Key Identification
• Attack-Resilient Image Watermarking Using Stable Diffusion
• Video Seal: Open and Efficient Video Watermarking
• Distortion Agnostic Deep Watermarking
• Watermarking Images in Self-Supervised Latent Spaces

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