Rare Diseases, Common Dilemmas: LLMs Prioritize Equal Resource Distribution over Patient Benefit in Decision-Making

arXiv:2608.25236 · cs.CY, cs.AI, cs.CL · Submitted 2026-08-25 · Read on arXiv

cs.CY, cs.AI, cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-08-25

Updated: 2026-08-25

Terminology

• Benchmark — 13× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 6× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Iterative Refinement — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 3× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Aggregation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generalizability — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Homogenization — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• AI Agents — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• AI Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Grounding — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Pairwise Comparisons — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Prompt Engineering — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes

Sources

• MIMIC-RD: Can LLMs differentially diagnose rare diseases in real-world clinical settings?
• Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Gemma 3 Technical Report
• DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report
• Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problems
• OpenAI GPT-5 System Card

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