A Dual-Hypothesis Reasoning Framework for LLM Guardrails

We propose ARBITER, a novel LLM guardrail framework that introduces two key ideas: (i) dual-hypothesis reasoning, a reasoning method for LLM guardrails that explicitly considers both safe and unsafe interpretations of a prompt before making a safety decision, and (ii) multi-component supervised fine-tuning (MC-SFT), a structured training loss for reasoning-based guardrails that decomposes LLM outputs into logical components and weights them according to their importance. Existing reasoning-based guardrails often rely on expensive procedures, such as generating reasoning traces using larger or closed-source teacher models and applying full-parameter fine-tuning. In contrast, ARBITER uses a cost-effective self-generation strategy for reasoning traces and LoRA-based parameter-efficient fine-tuning while still achieving better performance than these expensive approaches. Additionally, ARBITER provides faithful evidence-phrase explanations for unsafe decisions, enabling a more transparent and interpretable guardrail method. Experiments on three safety moderation benchmarks show that ARBITER outperforms existing reasoning-based and non-reasoning guardrail baselines, with clear gains in out-of-domain evaluations.