Removable Defects: The Economics and Limits of Deliberate Deficiency

arXiv:2607.11983 · econ.EM, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.ML · Submitted 2026-07-13 · Read on arXiv

Cheng Qian

econ.EM, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.ML

Submitted: 2026-07-13

Comments: 30 pages

Code: https://github.com/macrokit/removable-defects

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Abstention — 8× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Actor — 6× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Verification — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Selective Prediction — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Sufficiency — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Composition — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• NP-hardness — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Pareto Frontier — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Conformal Prediction — 1× in this paper · explained in 11 episodes
• Division of Labor — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Graceful Degradation — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• International Conference on Machine Learning — 1× in this paper
• Monotonicity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Papers — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Point Clouds — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Sample Complexity — 1× in this paper · explained in 20 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• VC Dimension — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Is Out-of-Distribution Detection Learnable?
• Minimax Robust Detection: Classic Results and Recent Advances
• Beyond Perturbations: Learning Guarantees with Arbitrary Adversarial Test Examples
• Approximations of semi-Markov processes and insurance policy valuation
• Machine Learning with a Reject Option: A survey
• Insurance makes wealth grow faster
• Robust Classification for Imprecise Environments
• Know Your Limits: Uncertainty Estimation with ReLU Classifiers Fails at Reliable OOD Detection

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