A Statistical Test for the Benefits of Personalizing Interventions

arXiv:2607.08951 · stat.ME, stat.AP, stat.ML · Submitted 2026-07-09 · Read on arXiv

Zhaoqi Li, Emma Brunskill

stat.ME, stat.AP, stat.ML

Submitted: 2026-07-09

Journal ref: Science 393, eaeb9506 (2026)

DOI: 10.1126/science.aeb9506

Code: https://github.com/py-why/EconML

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Personalization — 174× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Heterogeneous Treatment Effect — 14× in this paper
• Contextual Bandit — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 5× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Asymptotic Normality — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 5× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• K-fold Personalization Test — 5× in this paper
• Causal Inference — 4× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Lasso — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Papers — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Contextual Bandits — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Massive Open Online Classes — 3× in this paper
• Reinforcement Learning — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy — 2× in this paper
• EMMA — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Editor — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalization — 2× in this paper · explained in 14 episodes
• Hyperparameters — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Regret — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Regularization — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reward Function — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Sample Complexity — 2× in this paper · explained in 20 episodes
• Sparsity — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Augmented Inverse Propensity-Weighted — 1× in this paper
• Benchmark — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Clarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Curse of Dimensionality — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Fidelity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Pairwise Comparisons — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Predictive Modeling — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Q-learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Sample Complexity Bounds — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Structural Properties — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Theoretical Guarantees — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Cramming Contextual Bandits for On-policy Statistical Evaluation
• Model Evaluation, Model Selection, and Algorithm Selection in Machine Learning

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