Two years of shock interaction tracing three phases of evolution: the explosion of a Type IIn supernova, SN 2019vxm
Gitika Rameshan, Rishabh Singh Teja, D. K. Sahu, G. C. Anupama, Masayuki Yamanaka, Keiichi Maeda, Tatsuya Nakaoka, Sota Goto, Brajesh Kumar, Avinash Singh, Miho Kawabata, Koji S. Kawabata, Kenta Taguchi
astro-ph.HE, astro-ph.SR
Submitted: 2026-06-24
Comments: Submitted to ApJ. 26 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables. Comments are welcome
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The gist: We present multi-wavelength photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the long-lived interacting supernova SN 2019vxm, spanning more than two years after the explosion.
Terminology
Abstract
We present multi-wavelength photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the long-lived interacting supernova SN 2019vxm, spanning more than two years after the explosion. SN 2019vxm is a slowly rising (rise time 45.9 days in the R-band), slowly declining supernova reaching an R-band peak absolute magnitude of-20.3 mag. The SN light curve post-maximum shows a shallow decline, followed by a secondary, steeper decline in the optical (0.01 mag/day), with late-time IR brightening. The total radiated luminosity is 5x10 50 erg, placing it among the energetic class of its type. We estimated a CSM mass of 3-8 M sun through light-curve modeling (independent of the CSM density profile) and by comparison with theoretical models. We estimate a minimum ejecta mass of 3.88 M sun from the broad H-alpha component, consistent with the ejecta mass obtained from the light curve models. The solely interaction-dominated initial epochs are later accompanied by photon-scattering signatures, leading to asymmetric line profiles with symmetric wings. The late phase, characterized by enhanced brightness at longer wavelengths and a stronger asymmetric line profile with the red side flux strongly suppressed, indicates the influence of pre-existing or newly formed dust with temperatures 1500 K at 4x10 16 cm. Even in the late phases, no nebular lines are present in the spectra, indicating dense or obscured ejecta.
Sources
- Interacting supernovae
- Type IIn Supernovae. I. Uniform Light-curve Characterization and a Bimodality in the Radiated Energy Distribution
- Long-term optical and near-infrared photometric evolution of SN 2019vxm, an interacting Type IIn supernova
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