Who Owns the AI Recommendation? A Multi-Industry Empirical Map of Brand Category Ownership Across Large Language Models

arXiv:2606.23057 · cs.IR, cs.CL, cs.CY, cs.LG · Submitted 2026-06-22 · Read on arXiv

cs.IR, cs.CL, cs.CY, cs.LG

Submitted: 2026-06-22

Updated: 2026-09-23

Comments: Corrected February analysis and September 2026 replication; 30-page main paper and 31-page supplement. Matcher validation and open-vocabulary readings remain provisional pending human checks. Published data/code release: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22693819; September derived outputs are not yet deposited

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Perplexity — 12× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Recommendation Share — 12× in this paper
• Competitive Vacuum Index — 7× in this paper
• Category Ownership Index — 6× in this paper
• Displacement Score — 6× in this paper
• Embeddings — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Clustering — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Cosine Similarity — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing — 2× in this paper
• Grounding — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Association for Computational Linguistics — 1× in this paper
• Benchmark — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Causal Inference — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Distillation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Knowledge Distillation — 1× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes

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