Coral: Cost-Efficient Multi-LLM Serving over Heterogeneous Cloud GPUs

The landscape of large language models (LLMs) has become increasingly fragmented, with no single model dominating the field. Meanwhile, cloud providers offer a diverse array of mid-tier and older-generation GPUs. These heterogeneous resources provide better availability and deliver comparable performance-per-dollar to top-tier hardware. To efficiently harness these GPUs for concurrent multi-LLM serving, we introduce Coral: an adaptive, heterogeneity-aware serving system. The key idea behind Coral is the joint optimization of resource allocation and replica serving strategies across all models. To keep pace with shifting throughput demands and resource availability, Coral employs a lossless, two-stage decomposition. This approach preserves joint optimality while reducing online solve times from hours to mere tens of seconds. Evaluations across 6 models and 20 GPU configurations demonstrate that Coral reduces serving costs by up to 2.79 times compared to the strongest baseline, while delivering up to 2.39 times higher goodput under scarce resource constraints.