Utility-Aware Data Pricing: Token-Level Quality and Empirical Training Gain for LLMs

arXiv:2604.22893 · cs.LG, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-04-24 · Read on arXiv

cs.LG, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-04-24

Updated: 2026-09-29

Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure, 6 tables

Code: https://github.com/BDS-SDU/utility-aware-data-pricing

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Influence Functions — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Model — 1× in this paper
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Shapley values — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verifiability — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes

Sources

• Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models
• Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models
• Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher
• LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

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