Control Variate Design for Score-Function Gradient Estimators in Importance-Weighted Variational Inference

Importance-weighted variational inference approximates intractable densities by optimizing multi-sample Monte Carlo objectives whose tightness increases with the number of importance samples N. When reparameterization is unavailable, optimization relies on score-function (REINFORCE) gradient estimators. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of score-function gradient estimators for importance-weighted objectives by characterizing their asymptotic expectation and variance. We establish that standard variational inference for Monte Carlo objectives (VIMCO) gradient estimators suffer from a vanishing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as N increases, which arises from a suboptimal control variate choice and can impair optimization. To address this issue, we derive a general mechanism for constructing VIMCO gradient estimators that avoid SNR collapse. We identify the High-Effective Sample Size optimal variance importance sampling estimator as belonging to this category of estimators and establish its sqrt N SNR scaling. This estimator does not, however, have zero variance at optimality and achieving its sqrt N SNR rate may require prohibitively large N when the importance weights are degenerate. We overcome these limitations by introducing VIMCO gradient estimators that attain zero variance at optimality and support importance weight tempering. Experiments with discrete latent-variable and state-space models validate the theoretical predictions and illustrate the benefits of our estimators.