A nonlinear voice from GW250114 ringdown

arXiv:2601.05734 · gr-qc, astro-ph.HE · Submitted 2026-01-09 · Read on arXiv

gr-qc, astro-ph.HE

Submitted: 2026-01-09

Updated: 2026-09-16

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, substantially revised in v2. Data release at https://github.com/yi-fan-wang/nonlinear-ringdown-GW250114. Comments welcome!

Code: https://github.com/yi-fan-wang/nonlinear-ringdown-GW250114

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Consistency — 7× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Academia Sinica — 1× in this paper
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Area Law — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Bayesian Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Frequency-Domain Analysis — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Black Hole Spectroscopy: Testing General Relativity through Gravitational Wave Observations
• Black hole spectroscopy: from theory to experiment
• GW250114 reveals black hole horizon signatures
• Probing Direct Waves in Black Hole Ringdowns
• Merging black holes with Cauchy-characteristic matching: Computation of late-time tails
• Late-time tails in nonlinear evolutions of merging black holes
• Phenomenology and origin of late-time tails in eccentric binary black hole mergers
• Inspiral-inherited ringdown tails
• Nonlinearities in Black Hole Ringdowns
• Nonlinear effects in black hole ringdown
• The excitation of quadratic quasinormal modes for Kerr black holes
• Quadratic Mode Couplings in Rotating Black Holes and Their Detectability
• Nonlinear ringdown at the black hole horizon
• Observational Black Hole Spectroscopy: A time-domain multimode analysis of GW150914
• A multimode quasi-normal spectrum from a perturbed black hole
• Analyzing black-hole ringdowns
• A gating-and-inpainting perspective on GW150914 ringdown overtone: understanding the data analysis systematics
• Quasinormal-mode filters: a new approach to analyze the gravitational-wave ringdown of binary black-hole mergers
• Using rational filters to uncover the first ringdown overtone in GW150914
• Black hole spectroscopy by mode cleaning

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