Velocity dispersion of Solar Energetic Particles in turbulent heliosphere
The study tested the Velocity Dispersion Analysis (VDA) method to estimate solar injection times for Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) within a model of turbulent interplanetary magnetic fields. Results show VDA estimates are inaccurate, particularly in moderate to strong turbulence, because turbulence and pre-event background effects significantly lengthen path lengths and delay estimated injection times.