Linking Behaviour and Perception to Evaluate Meaningful Human Control over Partially Automated Driving
This study tested how two automation interaction modes—haptic shared control (HSC) and traded control (TC)—affect driver perceptions of meaningful human control (MHC). Using behavioral metrics like reaction time and torque conflict, the research found that HSC led to more favorable subjective scores regarding sufficient control and mutual understanding compared to TC. This suggests that smooth collaboration is key for maintaining driver engagement.