Circular-Mode Optics for High-Intensity Beams and High-Luminosity Colliders
The research develops circular-mode optics to transport and accelerate intrinsically flat beams while keeping their transverse shape round. It uses coupled-optics theory to design lattice structures that conserve angular momentum and coupling phase, even under strong space-charge forces. Simulations confirm that solenoid-based rings are the best method for preserving this mode, offering a promising path for high-intensity hadron beams.