Realization Divergence in Multi-Provider Quantum Computing: A Pre-Registered Study of What Survives Measurement
The study investigates 'realization divergence,' which is how an identical quantum circuit behaves differently across various quantum software stacks and hardware vendors. By testing different compilation policies and placement strategies, researchers found that certain structural differences, like the behavior of Bernstein-Vazirani circuits, depend entirely on the specific hardware and compilation settings used.