Readout chain of SPD DAQ system
The Spin Physics Detector (SPD) experiment at NICA required a high-throughput triggerless data acquisition system. The solution involved a hierarchical DAQ architecture using L1 and L2 concentrators implemented in FPGAs. This hardware aggregation shifts data buffering and sorting from software to the FPGA, improving efficiency through Scatter-Gather DMA, ensuring precise time synchronization for event reconstruction, and enabling modular scalability.