Bridging the Markerless Tracking Validation Gap: Intraoperative X-ray Workflow Integration
A pipeline was developed to derive per-vertebra 6-DoF pose from routine intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopy and co-register it with RGB-D camera data using a multimodal fiducial array. This provides an independent, clinically viable ground truth for validating markerless tracking methods in real surgical settings, addressing the lack of precise subsurface pose measurements.